Gallup has released its annual survey data regarding American opinion towards Israel, and the news is once again mostly positive. Support for the Palestinians has increased some, especially with the Obama coalition, but there is no sign that Americans are turning against Israel.
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Public opinion towards Israel is often influenced by the public attitude of the president, so you would expect that sympathy towards Israel would have increased during the Trump administration given his consistently pro-Israel position. Only four polls were taken during his term and the average support for Israel was 61%, a point lower than during the comparatively antagonistic Obama administration. Also, despite Trump's relative hostility towards the Palestinians, support for them increased from 16% during his predecessor's term to 20%.
The latest poll, which I count under the Biden administration, but may more fairly reflect the Trump administration given that Biden had only been in office a few weeks when it was taken, showed a slight drop in support for Israel, to 58%, and an increase in sympathy for the Palestinians to 25%. This is the narrowest margin since the question was first asked in 1988. (Earlier polls asked about sympathy towards the Arabs). Still, sympathy for Israel has averaged 62% in the last decade compared to 19% for the Palestinians.
When asked their opinion of different countries and the Palestinian Authority, 75% had a favorable view of Israel compared to 30% for the PA. This was the second-highest rating for Israel, topped only by the 79% favorability rating around the time of the Gulf War. Although this was a record high for the Palestinians, 65% a still had an unfavorable view of the PA.
One potential sign of concern is that the%age of people who believe more pressure should be put on Israel has increased to 34% from an average in five polls dating to 2007 of 28%. Still, more people, 44%, favor pressuring the Palestinians.
Meanwhile, support for a Palestinian state hasn't changed much. Since 1994, the average in 17 Gallup polls has been 47%; in 2021, it was 52%. Opposition was also above the average, 37% compared to 32%. The question gives some sense of the feelings towards Palestinian independence but my yield different results if it addressed the conditions for a state such as how it impacts Israeli security, and whether it should be in all or part of the West Bank, include Jerusalem, or require dismantling of some or all settlements.
Democrats and liberals continue to be less supportive of Israel and more sympathetic towards the Palestinians on every question (I'll cite Democratic figures since they are similar to liberals). Regarding favorability of Israel and the PA, Democrats' margin was 64% to 38% compared to Republicans' 85% to 19%.
On the sympathy question, there is a 37-point gap, with Republican sympathies towards Israel versus the Palestinians at 80% to 10% and Democrats at 43% to 38%. The news here is the increase in support for the Palestinians over time. Last year, 38% of Democrats also sympathized with the Palestinians, but, since 1993, Democratic sympathy for Israel versus the Palestinians averaged 46% to 18%.
Even more dramatic is the split on the questions of whom to pressure and Palestinian statehood. By a 65% to 17% margin, Republicans believe more pressure should be placed on the Palestinians than the Israelis. For Democrats, it's the opposite – 29% to 53%. Similarly, 50% of Republicans oppose a Palestinian state while 67% of Democrats support a state.
It is more difficult to make any judgement about whether young people are less supportive of Israel because Gallup used such broad cohorts in this poll: 18- to 34-year-olds, 35-54 and 55-plus. It is also tough to make a precise comparison over the years because the breakdown has sometimes been 18-29 or 18-39; nevertheless, comparing the youngest group over time, the 2021 cohort was only slightly less pro-Israel – 47% to 49% – than the average since 1975. Moreover, as I've documented in the past, support increases with age, which indicates there has not been a shift away from Israel because of anti-Israel activity on campuses.
One change, in general, is that more people are expressing an opinion than in the past. The average for past polls on the sympathy question was 14%; it was 6% in 2021.
U.S. public opinion can also be swayed by the president's public attitude towards Israel. Republicans overwhelmingly supported Trump's policies, whereas Democrats opposed them. The results might also be affected by the split over Trump's presidency. Gallup's Lydia Saad, who analyzes these surveys, also suggests that Netanyahu's relative popularity could be a factor. "Whether Democrats' current outlook is a temporary reaction to Trump's close association with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu or represents a fundamental shift in their orientation to Mideast politics that persists could have meaningful implications for Biden's foreign policy over the next four years," she noted, adding that "this could hinge, in part, on whether Netanyahu remains in power."
While sympathy for the Palestinians has increased, it is still a relatively insignificant 25% and the PA remains ranked near the bottom of the favorability rankings. By contrast, support for Israel has been consistent. In fact, it is higher on average in the last decade (62%) than it was at the time of the Six-Day War, when many people believe everyone loved Israel because it was still viewed as an underdog and there were no settlements or talk of "occupation." From June 1967 through 1970, the average support for Israel in seven Gallup polls was 44%.
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The key for Israel is the consistent level of support from the public and relative lack of sympathy for the Palestinians that gives elected officials no incentive to adopt policies that might be considered anti-Israel. Despite the polls showing the wide gap in partisan support, Democrats in Congress show no sign of turning on Israel, as reflected by the lack of support for legislation proposed by the handful of critics in the House.
It is also important to take into account the intensity of the feelings of the public related to Israel. Polls on gun control consistently show large majorities in favor of reforms but Congress does not adopt them because, historically, the opponents are much more involved in the political process than the proponents. The same is true for Middle East policy. Supporters of Israel are far more invested than the average person who may express support for the Palestinians when asked by a pollster.
Reprinted with permission from JNS.org.
