Founded in 1982 by Iran's Revolutionary Guards and classified by the United States and other Western countries as a terrorist organization, Hezbollah (Party of God) is the most powerful group in Lebanon due to a heavily armed militia that fought several wars with Israel. It grew stronger after joining the war in Syria in 2012 in support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
It is both a political movement and guerrilla army, drawing its support from among Lebanon's Shiite population. The group and its allies helped form Lebanon's current government.
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Hezbollah's arsenal has been a major point of contention. The group says its arms are needed to deter Israel and, more recently, to guard against Islamist insurgents in Syria.
Hezbollah has been designated a terrorist organization by the US, Canada, Germany, Britain, Argentina, and Honduras as well as the US-allied, mainly Sunni Muslim Gulf Cooperation Council, which includes Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The EU classifies Hezbollah's military wing as a terrorist group, but not its political wing.
Shadowy groups, which Lebanese security officials and Western intelligence say are linked to Hezbollah, launched suicide attacks on Western embassies and targets and kidnapped Westerners in the 1980s. A suicide bombing destroyed the US Marine headquarters and French military barracks in Beirut in 1983, killing 241 US servicemen and 58 French paratroopers. One group, Islamic Jihad, was thought to be led by Imad Mugniyeh, a senior Hezbollah military commander killed – possibly by Israel – in 2008 in Syria.
Argentina blames Hezbollah and Iran for the deadly bombing of a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires in which 85 people died in 1994 and for an attack on the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires in 1992 that killed 29 people. Both deny any responsibility.
Bulgaria accuses Hezbollah of carrying out a bomb attack that killed five Israeli tourists in the Black Sea city of Burgas in 2012.
In government
2005: Hezbollah entered Lebanese politics more visibly after the murder of former Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri and Syria's withdrawal of its troops from Lebanon. A coalition of anti-Syrian factions took power following an election which gave Hezbollah 14 seats in the 128-seat parliament.
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2006: Hezbollah and its allies quit a government led by Western-backed prime minister Fouad Siniora over the governing coalition's refusal to give the opposition effective veto power.
2008: Hezbollah clashed with domestic foes and briefly seized west Beirut, in the worst civil strife since the 1975-1990 civil war, after the government vowed to take action against the group's military communications network. After mediation, rival leaders signed a deal to end 18 months of political conflict.
2011: The war in Syria lead to years of political paralysis in Lebanon. In January, the first government of Saad al-Hariri, Rafik al-Hariri's son, was toppled when Hezbollah and its allies quit over a UN-backed tribunal for the murder of al-Hariri. Six months later, Prime Minister Najib Mikati announced a government dominated by Hezbollah and its allies.
2016: Saad al-Hariri, who spent years abroad due to security fears, struck a deal, making Hezbollah ally Michel Aoun president, and himself premier. Saad al-Hariri's ties with backer Saudi Arabia, furious at Hezbollah's expanding role, hit a nadir in 2017.
2018: Hezbollah and its allies won a parliamentary majority.
2019: Protests broke out against a deep economic crisis. Hariri quit in October. Hezbollah and its allies backed Hassan Diab as premier. He formed a new government in January 2020.
In conflict
Until 2000, Hezbollah waged a prolonged guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces in the security buffer zone in south Lebanon.
UN Security Council Resolution 1559, sponsored by the United States and France and adopted in 2004, called for all Lebanese militias to be disbanded and disarmed. Hezbollah is the only militia to keep its arms since the civil war.
2006: Hezbollah crossed the border into Israel, kidnapped IDF soldiers Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev, and killed others, sparking the five-week Second Lebanon War in which 1,200 Lebanese were killed and 158 Israelis were killed.
2012: Hezbollah fighters deployed in Syria to aid Syrian government forces facing a mostly Sunni rebellion against Assad. The group played a major role in beating back the rebellion.
