Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu failed to cobble together a coalition government despite weeks of talks. Israel will head to the polls on Sept. 17 in a second election within months. No single party has ever won an outright majority in the Knesset, making coalition governments the norm. Netanyahu is still set to become Israel's longest-serving prime minister in July and has made clear that he intends to run and win.
The following are some of the main players in the new campaign:
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
The right-wing veteran universally known as "Bibi" is the dominant political figure of his generation, and his Likud Party secured 35 seats in the 120-seat Israeli parliament in April. It seemed to have enough natural allies to form a conservative coalition but did not manage to this time around.
Netanyahu also faces possible indictment in three corruption cases, with a decision pending from Israel's attorney-general as to whether he should be charged. Netanyahu denies any wrongdoing, accusing his political opponents of a witch hunt against him.
Although Likud has so far rallied around its leader, that could change if party members scent weakness in a prime minister who could not assemble a government.
In the coming campaign, Likud is likely to focus on its traditional positions, including tough security policies on Iran, Syria and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Many of its members oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.
Netanyahu, in a pre-election promise last time around, said he would declare Israeli sovereignty over settlements in Judea and Samaria or a possible annexation if he wins another term.
His close relationship with U.S. President Donald Trump is also likely to feature prominently in the campaign, as it did last time. But it remains to be seen how the domestic political turmoil affects the prospects of the long-delayed Mideast peace plan that Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, is spearheading.
Benny Gantz
A former armed forces chief and a political newcomer, Gantz emerged as a serious rival to Netanyahu in the April election, with impeccable security credentials. He heads the newly formed center-left Blue and White party, which campaigned on a platform of clean government, peace and security. It won 35 seats in the Knesset, the same as Netanyahu's Likud.
Other prominent Blue and White members are Moshe Yaalon, a right-wing former defense minister, and center-left former finance minister Yair Lapid.
Gantz has called for pursuing peace with the Palestinians while maintaining Israeli security interests. He has signaled he would make territorial concessions toward the Palestinians but has sidestepped the question of Palestinian statehood.
Avigdor Lieberman
The Moldovan-born immigrant from the former Soviet Union is head of the right-wing Yisrael Beitenu party, which holds five seats in the Knesset. He was once Netanyahu's chief of staff, but turned on his former mentor, delighting his secular base by taking a stand against Israel's ultra-Orthodox Jewish community on the issue of compulsory service in the military.
The religious United Torah Judaism party, a key Netanyahu ally, does not want young ultra-Orthodox seminary students to be forced into military service. But Lieberman and many Israelis want them to share the burden of mandatory duty.
Lieberman has stirred controversy in the past by questioning Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's commitment to peace, and the loyalty of Israel's Arab minority.
Six months ago he set in motion the events which led to the current crisis when he weakened Netanyahu's ruling right-wing coalition by resigning as defense minister.
The stated reason was that Netanyahu was not taking forceful enough military action against Hamas in Gaza, but many suspect his actions were rooted in personal ambition.
Avi Gabbay
A former telecom chief, Gabbay led the center-left Labor party into a disastrous election, at which it slumped from 18 seats to six. Part of this was due to the internal political battle with former head Tzipi Livni. Gabbay has publicly backed a two-state solution with the Palestinians and the party's campaign stressed social and economic reform, as well as pursuing peace.
Rabbi Rafi Peretz
A former chief rabbi of the Israeli military, Peretz heads the United Right alliance of national religious parties, which holds five seats in the Knesset. It is the most prominent political representative of Israeli settlers. It repudiates the idea of a Palestinian state and stresses Israel's biblical and religious connections to the land.
Moshe Kahlon
A former Likud member, Kahlon heads Kulanu – 'All of Us' – which won four seats in April, down from 10. As finance minister in Netanyahu's government, he partly delivered on his pledge to halt soaring housing prices but has fallen short on dramatically reducing overall living costs. His party casts itself as moderate right-wing and focused its campaign on socio-economic issues.
Yakov Litzman
The deputy health minister heads United Torah Judaism, which represents ultra-Orthodox Jews, or Haredim, of European origin. It has eight seats. Successive coalition governments have had to rely on support from ultra-Orthodox parties, which traditionally put their religious demands above larger issues like security and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. UTJ is primarily concerned with safeguarding state benefits for Haredi men who devote themselves to full-time religious study and do not serve in the conscript military or work.
Aryeh Deri
The interior minister heads Shas, which represents Haredi Jews of Middle Eastern origin. It is an ally of UTJ, and both religious parties have been an almost permanent fixture in successive governments It holds eight seats, like UTJ.
Ayman Odeh and Ahmed Tibi
The six-seat socialist party draws most of its voters from Israel's 21 percent Arab minority. It advocates an Arab-Jewish alliance to fight discrimination, racism and social inequality in Israel. Arab parties have never joined governing coalitions in Israel.
Abbas Mansour
Head of a party with four seats, Ra'am-Balad is a mix of Islamist and Arab nationalists. It describes itself as a democratic movement opposed to Israel's presence in Palestinian territory.
Tamar Zandberg
Head of the left-wing Meretz party, which won four seats. It has not been part of a coalition government in the past two decades. Popular with liberal middle-class Israelis, the party advocates a two-state solution with the Palestinians.
